Martinus Nijhoff Online

 Looking to the Future: Essays on International Law in Honor of W. Michael Reisman

Contents

• • Preliminary Material (i-liv)   (2M)
    • Jump to section:
    • Table Of Contents
    • Acknowledgements
    • Introduction
    • W. Michael Reisman: Publications
  • An Appreciation (1-12) by Rosalyn Higgins   (135K)
  • Michael Reisman, Dean Of The New Haven School Of International Law (13-16) by Harold Hongju Koh   (119K)
  • L’Honneur Des Juristes (17-20) by Prosper Weil   (104K)
  • Michael Reisman, Human Dignity, And The Law (21-30) by Siegfried Wiessner   (142K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I.
    • II.
    • III.
    • IV.
  • Law As A Process Of Communication: Reisman Meets Habermas (31-50) by Adeno Addis   (184K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Similarities: Preliminary Observations
    • III. The Outline Of Law As A Process Of Communication: Reisman’s Narrative
    • IV. Authority And Legitimacy
    • V. Habermas’s Discourse Theory Of Law: A Brief Account
    • VI. Authority In Habermas’s And Reisman’s Schemes
    • VII. The Ends Of The Law
    • VIII. Conclusion
  • The Uses And Abuses Of Illusion In International Politics (51-72) by Mahnoush H. Arsanjani   (196K)
  • Prelude To Decision: Michael Reisman, The Intelligence Function, And A Scholar’s Study Of Intelligence In Law, Process, And Values (73-118) by James E. Baker   (314K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Intelligence Realistically Defined
    • II. Value-Based Purpose
    • III. Transnational Law In Brief Sketch
    • IV. Intelligence Process
    • V. Conclusion: Guiding Toward Preferred Outcomes
  • Prologue To A Theory Of Non-Treaty Norms (119-134) by Daniel Bodansky   (171K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Non-Treaty Norms
    • II. The Nature Of Norms
    • III. Evidence Of Non-Treaty Norms
    • IV. Directly- Versus Secondarily-Accepted Norms
    • V. Purposive Versus Non-Purposive Norms
    • VI. Behavioral Versus Discursive Norms
    • VII. Conclusions
  • How Nongovernmental Actors Vitalize International Law (135-162) by Steve Charnovitz   (246K)
    • Jump to section:
    • Intellectual Influences On Reisman
    • Self-Limitation Of Government Power
    • NGOs In The WTO
    • Appendix
  • Between Façades And Operational Codes: Michael Reisman’s Jurisprudence Of Suspicion (163-182) by Menachem Mautner   (203K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Law
    • II. Spiritual Exercise
    • III. Conclusion
  • Scholarship As Law (183-194) by Jan Paulsson   (153K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. The Westphalian Ambiguity
    • II. The Scholar In The Pre-Westphalian World
    • III. The Resurgent Influence Of Scholarship
  • Between Minimum And Optimum World Public Order: An Ethical Path For The Future (195-216) by Steven R. Ratner   (204K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Public Orders In The New Haven School Framework
    • II. From Social Process To Ethics
    • III. International Justice, Cosmopolitanism, And Policy-Oriented Jurisprudence—Convergences And Divergences
    • IV. Fitting Ethics In: The Case Of Extraterritorial Duties Regarding Human Rights
    • V. Conclusion
  • The Users Of International Law (217-234) by Emmanuel Roucounas   (194K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Toward The Mapping Of Users
    • III. A User Friendly International Law: Illustrations From Practice
    • IV. Concluding Remarks
  • Rethinking Choice Of Law: What Role For The Needs Of The Interstate And International Systems? (235-260) by Gary J. Simson   (221K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. An Overview Of U.S. Choice Of Law And The Role Of Interstate And International Needs
    • II. Priority For Interstate And International Needs Or For The Needs Of The Forum State?
    • III. Situating Interstate And International Needs In A Forum-Centered Methodology
    • IV. Identifying Interstate And International Needs
    • V. Ascertaining Differences In Degree
    • VI. Conclusion
  • More Than What Courts Do: Jurisprudence, Decision, And Dignity—In Brief Encounters And Global Affairs (261-270) by Robert D. Sloane   (134K)
  • Reconfiguration Of Authority And Control Of The International Financial Architecture (271-298) by Eisuke Suzuki   (242K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Historical Context
    • III. Process Of Review
    • IV. Clarification Of Policy For A New Regime Of Post-Neo-Liberalism
    • V. Analysis Of Recent Trends In Decision
    • VI. For The Future
  • Remarks On Sovereignty In The Evolving Constitutional Features Of The International Community (299-322) by Attila Tanzi   (222K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introductory Remarks
    • II. Sovereignty As The Material And Structural Legal Pillar Of The International Community
    • III. Constitutional Evolutions And Attempted Revolutions: Sovereign Equality Vs. Hegemonism
    • IV. Sovereignty And The Tensions Between Material And Structural Legal Developments Toward Global Solidarity: A “Soft Jus Cogens”
    • V. Remarks On The Ongoing Process
  • International Law As A Coherent System: Unity Or Fragmentation? (323-354) by Christian Tomuschat   (260K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. A Golden Past?
    • III. The Current Position
    • IV. Concluding Observations
  • Entrenchment—Human And Divine: A Reflection On Deuteronomy 13:1-6 (355-362) by J.H.H. Weiler   (120K)
  • Obligation Of Result Versus Obligation Of Conduct: Some Thoughts About The Implementation Of International Obligations (363-384) by Rüdiger Wolfrum   (195K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Obligation Of Result/Obligation Of Conduct And Other International Obligations
    • III. Conclusions
  • Secession Or Independence—Self-Determination And Human Rights: A Japanese View Of Three Basic Issues Of International Law Concerning “Taiwan” (385-394) by Nisuke Ando   (138K)
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    • I. A Brief History Of Taiwan
    • II. Taiwan’s Relations With Japan
    • III. Some Basic Issues Of International Law Concerning Taiwan
  • Reflections On The Torture Policy Of The Bush Administration (2001–2008) (395-406) by M. Cherif Bassiouni   (146K)
  • Waivers In International And European Human Rights Law (407-432) by Lucius Caflisch   (217K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Waivers As A Legal Tool
    • II. Waivers In General International Law
    • III. Waivers In The European Human Rights System
    • IV. Conclusions
  • Reflections On The Current Prospects For International Criminal Justice (433-438) by Antonio Cassese   (139K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. The Reasons For The Increasing Importance Of International Criminal Justice
    • III. The Current Outlook For International Criminal Justice
  • Human Rights And World Public Order: Major Trends Of Development, 1980–2010 And Beyond (439-474) by Lung-Chu Chen   (264K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. The Changing Context
    • III. The Expanding Concept And Contents Of Human Rights
    • IV. The Emergence And Development Of The Concept Of Human Security
    • V. The Development Of A Comprehensive Global Bill Of Human Rights
    • VI. A Comprehensive Concept And Framework Of Implementation – Processes Of Authoritative Decision And Effective Power
    • VII. Increasing Effectiveness In Performance Of Relevant Decision Functions
    • VIII. From State Sovereignty Toward State Responsibility To Protect
    • IX. Imposition Of Individual Criminal Responsibility
    • X. The Vital Role Of Civil Society
    • XI. Projection Of Probable Future Developments
    • XII. A Grand Strategy Of Mobilization And Simultaneity
  • U.N. Human Rights Council Fact-Finding Missions: Lessons From Gaza (475-498) by Christine Chinkin   (217K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Historical Overview Of International Fact-Finding7
    • III. Human Rights Fact-Finding Within The United Nations
    • IV. U.N. Human Rights Council Fact-Finding Missions
    • V. Conclusions
  • Choice Of Gender Identity In International Human Rights Law (499-516) by Aaron Xavier Fellmeth   (187K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Advances In The Recognition Of Transgender Rights
    • II. Special Challenges Of Gender Identity Claims In International Human Rights Law
    • III. The Yogyakarta Principles
    • IV. Transgender Rights And Mainstream Gender Conventions
    • V. Conclusion
  • The International Protection Of Human Rights As An Element Of World Order (517-526) by Jochen Abr. Frowein   (139K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Human Rights In Constitutional Law
    • II. Human Rights In International Law
    • III. The Issue Of Torture
    • IV. Enforcement At The Worldwide Level
    • V. The Use Of Force
    • VI. Conclusion
  • Toward Minimum Standards For Regional Human Rights Systems (527-558) by Christof Heyns and Magnus Killander   (241K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Common Features And Best Practices Of The Three Established Regional Human Rights Systems
    • III. Proposed Guidelines For Regional Human Rights Systems
    • IV. Applying The Guidelines
    • V. Conclusion
  • Sabbatino, Sosa, And “Supernorms” (559-568) by Kenneth C. Randall and Chimène I. Keitner   (148K)
  • Some Remarks About The Realistic Idealismof The European Court Of Human Rights (569-576) by Luzius Wildhaber   (131K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Origins
    • III. Evolution
    • IV. Present-Day Realities
    • V. Evolutive Interpretation Of The ECHR
    • VI. Individual, Constitutional And Administrative Justice
    • VII. Conclusion
  • Investments, Fair And Equitable Treatment, And The Principle Of “Respect For The Integrity Of The Law Of The Host State”: Toward A Jurisprudence Of “Modesty” In Investment Treaty Arbitration (577-606) by Guillermo Aguilar Alvarez and Santiago Montt   (237K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Fraport And The Investor’s Compliance With Domestic Law
    • III. GAMI And State Compliance With Domestic Law
    • IV. Concluding Remarks
  • The Once And Future Foreign Investment Regime (607-648) by José E. Alvarez   (301K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. An Outline Of The International Investment Regime
    • III. Guzman’s Account Of The Origins Of The Investment Regime
    • IV. Questioning Guzman
    • V. Beyond Guzman: The Future Of The Investment Regime
    • VI. Conclusions
  • The Interpretation Of National Foreign Investment Laws As Unilateral Acts Under International Law (649-674) by David D. Caron   (223K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. National Foreign-Investment Laws As A Basis For Consent To ICSID Jurisdiction
    • II. National Foreign-Investment Laws As Unilateral Acts Under International Law
    • III. Interpretation Of A Unilateral Act Such As A National Foreign-Investment Law Under International Law
    • IV. Conclusion
  • State Succession And Commercial Obligations: Lessons From Kosovo (675-704) by Tai-Heng Cheng   (243K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. A Recurring Problem
    • II. Prior Theories Of State Succession
    • III. A Policy-Oriented Approach
    • IV. Reflections On Kosovo
    • V. Conclusion
  • Emergency Clauses In Investment Treaties: Four Versions (705-718) by Rudolf Dolzer   (156K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Michael Reisman: His Magisterial Horizon
    • II. The Text Of Article XI Of The Argentina-U.S. BIT
    • III. The “Ordinary Meaning” Of The Terms
    • IV. The Object And Purpose Of The BIT
    • V. Article XI In The Context Of The BIT: A Fundamental Exception To The Basic Scheme
    • VI. Article XI In The Context Of General International Law
    • VII. The History Of Article XI
    • VIII. Rules Of General International Law As A Floor Of Protection
    • IX. Interpreting Article XI: Four Diverse Viewpoints
    • X. Balancing Interests In The Context Of Necessity
  • Deconstruction Of Constitutional Limitations And The Tariff Regime Of The Philippines: The Strange Persistence Of A Martial Law Syndrome (719-740) by Florentino P. Feliciano   (206K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Preliminary Considerations
    • II. The Delegated Tariff-Setting Power Of The President— A Limited Legislative Power
    • III. Congressional Exercise Of The Constitutional Permission To Delegate Tariff - Setting Powers To The President: Republic Act No. 1937, The Pre-Martial Law Tariff And Customs Code Of 1957
    • IV. Deconstruction During Martial Law Of Sections 401 And 402 Of The 1957 Code—Presidential Decree No. 1464 As Amended, The Tariff And Customs Code Of 1978
    • V. The Constitutional Status Of Sections 401 And 402 Of The (Martial Law) 1978 Code
  • Softening Necessity (741-752) by Francisco Orrego Vicuña   (147K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Treaty Rules And Customary Law Are Mutually Reinforcing
    • II. Preclusion Of Necessity Is The General Rule
    • III. Essential Interests Are Not Common
    • IV. Individuals Have A Protected Interest
    • V. Taking Advantage Of One’s Own Fault Is Not Permissible
    • VI. Necessity Requires Independent Judging
    • VII. Compensation Is Due
    • VIII. Safeguarding The Stability Of The Legal Order
  • Truth And Efficiency: The Arbitrator’s Predicament (753-786) by William W. Park   (278K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. A View From The Hilltop
    • II. Rivals Of Award Accuracy
    • III. Tools For Fact-Finding
    • IV. The Truth About Law
    • IV. From Oracle To Evidence
  • The Future Of Investment Arbitration (787-804) by Christoph Schreuer   (172K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Foreign Investment And Development
    • II. Settling Investment Disputes
    • III. Investment Arbitration
    • IV. Consent To Jurisdiction
    • V. Availability Of BIT Protection
    • VI. Withdrawal From Investment Arbitration
    • VII. Nationality Of Investors
    • VIII. The Role Of Domestic Courts
    • IX. Coherence And Consistency
    • X. Conclusion
  • The Domestic Decision-Making Process And Its Implications For International Commitments: American Beef In Korea (805-820) by Hi-Taek Shin   (173K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Factual Background
    • III. Legal Analysis Of The Beef Agreement With The United States
    • IV. Conclusion
  • Dissenting Opinions By Party-Appointed Arbitrators In Investment Arbitration (821-844) by Albert Jan Van Den Berg   (203K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Dissenting Opinions By Party-Appointed Arbitrators In Practice
    • III. Analysis Of The Disadvantages Of Dissenting Opinions By Party-Appointed Arbitrators
    • IV. Possible Solutions
    • V. Post Scriptum: 2009
    • Annex: Dissenting Opinions By Party-Appointed Arbitrators In Investment Arbitrations
  • China’s Practice In International Investment Law: From Participation To Leadership In The World Economy (845-890) by Guiguo Wang   (306K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Mechanisms For Protecting Foreign Investment
    • II. Qualified Investments And Investors
    • III. Treatment Of Investment
    • IV. Expropriation And Compensation
    • V. Investor-State Dispute Settlement
    • VI. Alternatives For Policy Consideration
  • On Rocks And Maritime Delimitation (891-906) by Bernard H. Oxman   (164K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Article 121
    • II. Liberal Or Strict Interpretation?
    • III. Relevance To Delimitation
    • IV. Conclusion
  • The Future Of International Water Law: Regional Approaches To Shared Watercourses? (907-928) by Salman M. A. Salman   (205K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. The Road To The Watercourses Convention
    • II. An Overview Of The Provisions Of The Watercourses Convention
    • III. Status Of The Watercourses Convention
    • IV. Regional Approaches To Shared Watercourses
    • V. The Regional Approaches And The Watercourses Convention
    • VI. Conclusion
  • The Law On Asymmetric Warfare (929-950) by Eyal Benvenisti   (207K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction: The Logic Of Asymmetric Warfare
    • II. Asymmetric Warfare And The Shift From Rules To Standards
    • III. Bridging The Gaps In Civilian Protection In The Law On Asymmetric Transnational Armed Conflicts
    • IV. Conclusion: The Law On Asymmetric Transnational Armed Conflict As Requiring Distinctive Treatment
  • Precautionary Self-Defense And The Future Of Preemption In International Law (951-988) by Elli Louka   (289K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. The Al Kibar Incident
    • II. 1981 To 2007: From Osiraq To Al Kibar
    • III. Anticipatory Self-Defense And Preemption
    • IV. Precautionary Self-Defense
  • Le programme nucléaire de l’Iran et le régime de non-prolifération nucléaire (989-1002) by Djamchid Momtaz   (167K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Le droit de l’Iran d’entreprendre des activités d’enrichissement
    • II. L’obligation de l’iran de soumettre l’enrichissement de l’uranium au contrôle de l’AIEA
  • U.N. Realities (1003-1024) by Nicholas Rostow   (211K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. The League Of Nations And The United Nations
    • II. Darfur: A Personal Perspective
    • III. Conclusion
  • The Principle Of Compétence De La Compétence In International Adjudication And Its Role In An Era Of Multiplication Of Courts And Tribunals (1025-1064) by Laurence Boisson De Chazournes   (294K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. The Contours Of The Principle Of Compétence De La Compétence
    • II. Assessing The Effects Of Compétence De La Compétence
    • III. Contextualizing Compétence De La Compétence In An Era Of Proliferation Of Courts And Tribunals: An Ordering Principle?
  • Shaping The Future Of International Law: The Role Of The World Court In Law-Making (1065-1084) by Alain Pellet   (193K)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Progressive Development Of International Law By The World Court
    • II. Distinguishing Between Progressive Development And Legislation
  • Gorbachev Embraces Compulsory Jurisdiction (1085-1094) by Stephen M. Schwebel   (129K)
  • Contributors And Editors (1095-1100)   (100K)