Martinus Nijhoff Online

 International Law between Universalism and Fragmentation: Festschrift in Honour of Gerhard Hafner

Contents

• • Preliminary Material (v-xlvi)   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • Contents
    • Preface
    • Biographical Summary
    • Bibliography
    • Abbreviations
  • 1. Einige Persönliche Bemerkungen Zu Gerhard Hafner (1-4) by Hans Winkler   (6M)
  • 2. Gerhard Hafner – Porträt Eines Österreichischen Völkerrechtlers (5-10) by Franz Cede   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Hafners Russische Seele
    • II. Gerhard Und Die Juristische Wurzelbehandlung
    • III. Bergwandern Mit Gerhard Hafner
    • IV. Wahlkampf Mit Gerhard Hafner
    • V. Gerhard Hafner Und Das Seerecht
    • VI. Gerhard Hafner Der Technikfreak
    • VII. Gerhard Hafner Der Familienmensch
  • 3. Une Relecture De La Théorie Des Sous-systèmes En Droit International (11-40) by Isabelle Buffard   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Concepts De Base
    • II. Analyse Du Dictum De La CIJ Dans L’affaire Du Personnel Diplomatique Et Consulaire Des Etats-Unis À Téhéran Et Absence De Régime Autosuffi Sant Au Sens Strict Du Terme
    • III. Degré D’ouverture D’un Sous-système Et Jeu De L’interprétation, De La Lex Specialis Et De La Subsidiarité
  • 4. Hierarchy in International Law within the Context of Its Fragmentation (41-60) by Zdzislaw Galicki   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Preface
    • II. Introduction
    • III. The Nature of the Topic in Relation to the Issue of Fragmentation
    • IV. The Acceptance and Rationale of the Relevant Rule
    • V. The Operation of the Relevant Rule
    • VI. Conclusions, Including Possible Draft Guidelines
    • VII. Epilogue
  • 5. Hard Law Strikes Back – How the Recent Focus on the Rule of Law Promotes Compliance with Norms in International Relations (61-84) by Axel Marschik   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. The Rule of Law in Theory
    • III. The Rule of Law in Practice
    • IV. Don’t Count Your Chickens…
    • V. A Rule of Law Agenda
    • VI. Conclusion
  • 6. The Concept of International Community in International Law: Theory and Reality (85-106) by Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. The International Community and International Law
    • III. The UN and the International Community
    • IV. The International Law Commission and the International Community
    • V. The International Court of Justice and the International Community
    • VI. Essential Interests of the International Community: the Duty to Ensure Compliance with Erga Omnes Obligations
    • VII. Human Rights and the International Community
    • VIII. Universal or Extra-Territorial Jurisdiction and the International Community
    • IX. The International Criminal Court and the International Community
    • X. The Emergence of the International Community: Present-Day Reality
    • XI. Final Thought
  • 7. The Proliferation of International Dispute Settlement Mechanisms: the Threat of Fragmentation vs. The Promise of a More Effective System? Some Refl Ections from the Perspective of Investment Arbitration (107-126) by August Reinisch   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Investment Arbitration Boom
    • III. The Enforceability of Investment Arbitration Awards
    • IV. The ‘Dangers’ of the Proliferation of Investment Arbitration
    • V. Options to Avoid These Risks
    • VI. A More Effective International System?
    • VII. Conclusion
  • 8. Boundaries of Justice? an International Law Approach (127-138) by Daniel Thürer   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Justice as an Objective Principle of International Law
    • II. Outrage in the Face of Injustice
    • III. Boundaries of Justice
  • 9. Rechtliche Hegung Von Gewalt Zwischen Theorie Und Praxis (139-170) by Michael Bothe   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Die Fragestellung
    • II. Instrumente Der Einhaltung Des Ius Contra Bellum
    • III. Das Ius in Bello
    • IV. Nichtsstaatliche Gewalt
    • V. Theorie Und Praxis Der Rechtlichen Hegung Militärischer Gewalt
  • 10. The Three Cores of Aggression (171-194) by Antonio Remiro Brotóns   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Aggression and the Maintenance of Peace
    • III. Aggression and the Responsibility of the State
    • IV. Aggression as a Crime
    • V. Denouement
  • 11. Intergenerational Equity Revisited (195-230) by Malgosia Fitzmaurice   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction: the Theory of Intergenerational Equity
    • II. The Philosophical Basis of the Theory of Professor Brown Weiss
    • III. The Theory of Intergenerational Equity: Introductory Issues
    • IV. Certain Necessary Clarifi Cations in the Understanding of the Concept
    • V. Intergenerational Equity as a Trust
    • VI. Application of Intergenerational Equity at the Level of National Courts
    • VII. Practical Application of Intergenerational Equity at the International Court Level
    • VIII. Conclusions
  • 12. Democratization: Supply-Stimulated or Demand-Induced? (231-268) by Rein Müllerson   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Prospects and Limits of the Post-Cold War Western Triumph
    • III. A Family Portrait of Democracy
    • IV. On Instrumental and Intrinsic Value of Democracy
    • V. On Absolute and Relative Universality of the Concept of Democracy
    • VI. On Idealism, Hypocrisy and Pragmatism in Promotion of Democracy
    • VII. To What Exent Can External Support Compensate for Weaknesses of Domestic Democratic Potential?
    • VIII. Russia’s Case: from Yeltsin’s ‘Democracy’ to Putin’s ‘Authoritarianism’?
    • IX. Conclusions
  • 13. The Principle of Non-Discrimination in International Economic Law: a Conceptual and Historical Sketch (269-286) by Friedl Weiss   (6M)
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    • I. Non-Discrimination as a Principle of International Economic Law
    • II. Brief History of Non-Discrimination
    • III. Conclusion
  • 14. The Prohibition to Use Force afterSixty Years of Abuse (287-314) by Karl Zemanek   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Prohibiting the First Use of Force: a Changed Immuntable?
    • III. Has the Law on Self-Defence Changed?
  • 15. The Pacta Sunt Servanda Rule in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: a Pillar and Its Safeguards (315-342) by Christina Binder   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. The ‘Pillar’: Article 26 VCLT and Subsequent Jurisprudence
    • III. The Rule’s ‘Safeguards’ in Part v of the VCLT
    • IV. Conclusion
  • 16. Variations on the Theme of‘ Soft International Law’ (343-360) by Hanspeter Neuhold   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. ‘Hard’ vs. ‘Soft’ Sources of International Law: Treaties vs. Non-binding International Agreements and Resolutions of International Organizations
    • III. ‘Hard’ vs. ‘Soft’ Sanctions: Countermeasures (Reprisals) vs. Retorsions
    • IV. ‘Hard’ vs. ‘Soft’ Dispute Settlement Methods: Mediation vs. Arbitration and Adjudication
    • V. ‘Hard’ vs. ‘Soft’ Judicial Pronouncements: Judgments vs. Advisory Opinions
    • VI. Conclusions
  • 17. The Rule of Law, Codifi Cation and the Role of Gerhard Hafner (361-372) by Ferdinand Trauttmansdorff   (6M)
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    • I. The Rule of Law, Codifi Cation and Progressive Development of International Law within the United Nations – an Austrian Approach
    • II. Is the Codifi Cation Process Based on the Work of the ILC in Crisis?
    • III. The Cooperation between the Foreign Ministry and Academics – the Austrian Approach
    • IV. Gerhard Hafner – a Role Model
    • V. Concluding Remarks
  • 18. The General Assembly and the International Law Commission: What Happens to the Commission’s Work and Why? (373-390) by Michael Wood   (6M)
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    • I. Introduction
    • II. The Respective Roles of the Commission and General Assembly
    • III. Action Taken by the General Assembly in 2004 and 2007
    • III. Considerations as to Form
    • IV. Conclusions
  • 19. Implications of the Independence of Kosovo for International Law (391-412) by Wolfgang Benedek   (6M)
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    • I. Introduction and Focus
    • II. Historical Background and the Involvement of the International Community
    • III. Kosovo and the Right to Self-Determination
    • IV. Conclusion: Implications of Kosovo’s Independence for the Evolution of International Law
  • 20. The Merits and Defects of the 2004 UN Convention on State Immunity: Gerhard Hafner’s Contribution to Its Adoption by the United Nations (413-420) by Hazel Fox   (6M)
  • 21. The International Customary Law Nature of Immunity from Measures of Constraint for State Cultural Property on Loan (421-440) by Andrea Gattini   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Domestic Anti-Seizure Statutes
    • III. The UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property
    • IV. Some Interpretative Problems of the UN Convention
    • V. Concluding Remarks: the Customary Law Nature of Immunity for Cultural State Property as an Interpretative Tool
  • 22. La Création De l’Etat d’Israël À La Lumière Du Droit International (441-454) by Marcelo G. Kohen   (6M)
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    • I. La Situation Juridique Antérieure Au Régime Des Mandats
    • II. Le Statut Juridique Des Territoires Sous Mandat
    • III. La Portée Juridique De La Déclaration Balfour
    • IV. La Notion De « Foyer National Juif »
    • V. Les Nations Unies Et La Fi N Du Mandat
    • VI. L’abandon De Ses Responsabilités Par Le Royaume-Uni
    • VII. La Prise En Main De La Question Par l’Assemblée Générale De l’ONU
    • VIII. La Proclamation De l’Etat d’Israël Et La Guerre De 1948-1949
    • IX. Les Lignes D’armistice Et L’absence De Création D’un Etat Arabe
    • X. La Création De l’Etat d’Israël : Une Évaluation Juridique
  • 23. Legal Personality or Not – the Recent Attempts to Improve the Status of the OSCE (455-478) by Helmut Tichy and Ulrike Köhler   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Political Obligations vs. Legal Obligations
    • III. Status Quo of the OSCE
    • IV. Options for a Solution
    • V. Work on a Convention on the International Legal Personality, Legal Capacity and Privileges and Immunities of the OSCE
    • VI. The Present Situation: a Draft Convention and Speculations about a Charter
    • VII. Conclusion
  • 24. In the Twilight Zones of the State (479-502) by Christian Tomuschat   (6M)
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    • I. Introduction
    • II. Governmental Authority in Foreign Territory
    • III. International Responsibility
    • IV. Immunity
    • V. Conclusions
  • 25. Some Peculiarities of the UN Convention onJ Urisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property: a Footnote on the Codifi Cation Technique (503-510) by Tullio Treves   (6M)
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    • I.
    • II.
    • III.
    • IV.
  • 26. Responsibility of States and Individuals for Genocide and Other International Crimes (511-534) by Vladimir-Djuro Degan   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. The Problem of Defi Ning International Crimes, Including Genocide, in General International Law
    • III. Judicial Bodies Competent to Deal with International Crimes
    • IV. Differences between Individual Responsibility and State Responsibility for International Crimes
    • V. The 2007 Judgment of the ICJ on the Application of the Genocide Convention (Bosnia-Herzegovina v. Serbia)
  • 27. Individuelle versus Staatenverantwortlichkeit Im Zusammenhang Mit Völkermord (535-552) by Frank Höpfel   (6M)
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    • I.
    • II.
    • III.
    • IV.
    • V.
    • VI.
    • VII.
  • 28. The International Criminal Court – International Humanitarian Law at Work (553-570) by Hans-Peter Kaul   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Key Features
    • III. Current Situation
    • IV. Substantive Criminal Law – Origins and Innovations
    • V. International Humanitarian Law in the Statute – First Experiences and First Cases
    • VI. Conclusion
  • 29. ‘Irrelevance of Offi Cial Capacity’ – Article 27 Rome Statute Undermined by Obligations under International Law or by Agreement (Article 98)? (571-602) by Otto Triffterer   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Homage
    • II. Introduction: Political Compromises Protecting Potential Perpetrators?
    • III. Article 27: ‘Offi Cial Capacity … Shall in No Case Exempt … from Criminal Responsibility’
    • IV. Article 98 Restricting General Obligations to Cooperate Fully with the Court?
    • V. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
  • 30. The Crime of Aggression: Custom, Treaty and Prospects for International Prosecution (603-626) by Elizabeth Wilmshurst   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. The Crime of Aggression and Customary International Law
    • III. The Negotiations to Amend the ICC Statute
    • IV. Other Developments
    • V. International Prosecution?
  • 31. L’application Du Droit International Général Par La Cour Européenne Des Droits De L’homme (627-648) by Lucius Caflisch   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Droit Des Traités
    • III. L’immunité Des États Et Des Représentations Diplomatiques
    • IV. Responsabilité Internationale
    • V. Droit Des Confl Its Armés
    • VI. Conclusion Générale
  • 32. Nationality and the Protection of Property under the European Convention on Human Rights (649-666) by Ursula Kriebaum   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. The Reference to the General Principles of International Law
    • III. The Proportionality Principle and the Requirement of Compensation in Case of an Expropriation
    • IV. Interferences with Property Rights Which Target Foreigners
    • V. Conclusions
  • 33. Vom Weltstrafrecht Zum Weltzivilrecht Oder Vom Internationalen Strafgerichtshof Zum Internationalen Gerichtshof Für Menschenrechte? Überlegungen Am Beispiel Der Folterbekämpfung (667-700) by Manfred Nowak   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Einleitung
    • II. Individuelle Strafrechtliche Verantwortung Für Schwere Menschenrechtsverletzungen
    • III. Das Weltstrafrechtsprinzip: Kein Sicherer Hafen Für Folterer
    • IV. Die Strafrechtliche Verfolgung Von Folterern Durch Internationale Tribunale
    • V. Das Recht Des Folteropfers Auf Wiedergutmachung
    • VI. Interpretation Von Artikel 14 Der UNO-Konvention Gegen Die Folter
    • VII. Das Weltzivilrechtsprinzip
    • VIII. Schutz Für Folteropfer: Weltzivilrechtsprinzip Oder Internationaler Gerichtshof Für Menschenrechte?
  • 34. De-Regulating Humanitarian Aid: the Need for New Norms and Interpretations (701-710) by Jordan J. Paust   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Sanctions against North Korea
    • III. The Humanitarian Crisis in Darfur
    • IV. Humanitarian Aid to ‘Terrorist’ Organizations
    • V. Law of War Restraints on Targeting and Controlling Food and Medicine
    • VI. Conclusion
  • 35. The Concept of ‘Responsibility to Protect’ as an Emerging Norm versus ‘Humanitarian Intervention’ (711-728) by Árpád Prandler   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS)
    • III. The Concept of Humanitarian Intervention
    • IV. Concluding Remarks
  • 36. Der Einfl Uss Der Menschenrechte Auf Das Völkerrecht: Ein Entwurf (729-746) by Bruno Simma   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Einführende Bemerkungen
    • II. Mein Ausgangspunkt: Menschenrechte Als Juristische Unruhestifter
    • III. Die Menschenrechte Treffen Auf Die Traditionelle Völkerrechtsdoktrin
    • IV. Schlussbemerkung
  • 37. Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties – the Case of Israel and the Palestinian Territories Revisited (747-766) by Andreas Zimmermann   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introductory Remarks
    • II. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
    • III. Other Human Rights Treaties Binding upon Israel
    • IV. Prerequisites for Extraterritorial Applicability of Human Rights Treaties
    • V. Concluding Remarks
  • 38. Landlocked Developing Countries and the Law of the Sea (767-782) by James L. Kateka   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. The Nature of the Problem
    • III. The International Legal Regime
    • IV. Agreements/Arrangements on Transit Transport in Eastern and Southern Africa
    • V. Conclusion
  • 39. International Environmental Regulations – Is a Comprehensive Body of Law Emerging or Is Fragmentation Going to Stay? (783-796) by Gerhard Loibl   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. The Evolution of International Environmental Regulations
    • III. Institutional Framework Addressing Environmental Issues
    • IV. Are General Principles of International Environmental Law Leading to a Comprehensive Set of International Environmental Regulations ?
    • V. Could Institutional Arrangements Be an Answer to the Fragmentation of International Environmental Law?
    • VI. Concluding Remarks
  • 40. Using Judicial Bodies for the Implementation and Enforcement of International Environmental Law (797-816) by Thomas a. Mensah   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. International Environmental Agreements
    • III. Implementation of International Environmental Agreements
    • IV. Judicial Bodies in the Implementation of Environmental Law
    • V. The Functions Performed by Judicial Bodies
    • VI. The Need for Clearer Grant of Jurisdiction to Courts and Tribunals
    • VI. Concluding Remarks
  • 41. Liability for Environmental Damage in Antarctica: Supplement to the Rules on State Responsibility or a Lost Opportunity? (817-830) by Rüdiger Wolfrum   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Scope of the Application of the Liability Annex
    • III. Enforcement
    • IV. Conclusions
  • 42. Anglo Saxon and Continental Approaches to Pleading before the ICJ Aspects Des Modes Continentaux Et Anglo-Saxons De Plaidoiries Devant La C.I.J. (831-868) by James Crawford and Alain Pellet   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Jurisdiction and Admissibility Compétence Et Recevabilité
    • II. Intérêt Pour Agir Et Causes of Action Causes of Action and Intérêt Pour Agir
    • III. Authorities and Evidence before the World Court La Doctrine Et La Jurisprudence Comme Modes De Preuve Devant La Cour Mondiale
    • IV. Estoppel
    • V. Conclusion
  • 43. Argentinien vs Uruguay – Ein Mehrfrontenkampf (869-908) by Waldemar Hummer   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • Avant Propos
    • I. Einführung
    • II. Umweltstreitigkeiten Und Mobilitätsprobleme Im MERCOSUR
    • III. Handelsstreitigkeiten
    • IV. Schlussbetrachtungen
  • 44. The 2007 Nicaragua v. Colombia Territoral and Maritime Dispute (PreliminaryObjections) Judgment: a Landmark in the Sound Administration of International Justice (909-942) by Barbara Kwiatkowska   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introductory Remarks on the World Court’s Judicial Leadership
    • II. The Course of the Nicaragua v. Colombia Proceedings and Delivery of the 2007 Judgment
    • III. Colombia’s First Preliminary Objection (Pact of Bogotá)
    • IV. Colombia’s Second Preliminary Objection (Optional Clause)
    • V. Some Concluding Refl Ections on the Sound Administration of International Justice
  • 45. Some Thoughts on Compliance with International Obligations (943-958) by Markus a. Reiterer   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. The Meaning of Compliance
    • III. Will and Capacity to Comply
    • IV. Compliance and the Norm Concerned
    • V. A Typology of Mechanisms Aiming at Fostering Compliance
    • VI. Some Remarks on International Law and Punishment of States
    • VII. Some Concluding Remarks
  • 46. What Is a Legal Dispute? (959-980) by Christoph Schreuer   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Do You Really Know It When You See It?
    • II. The Process of Communication Leading to a Dispute
    • III. The Legal Nature of the Dispute
    • IV. Hypothetical Disputes
    • V. The Proper Parties to the Dispute
    • VI. The Time of the Dispute
    • VII. Conclusion
  • 47. The Judicial Functions of the International Court of Justice (981-1002) by Stephan Wittich   (6M)
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    • I. The Judicial Function as a Leitmotif of the Court’s Activity
    • II. Different Meanings of the Term ‘Judicial Function
    • III. Judicial Functions of the International Court
    • IV. Evaluation
  • 48. The ‘Second Pillar’ in a Union with Out Pillars – a New Quality of the Common Foreign and Security Policy with the Treaty of Lisbon? (1003-1026) by Hubert Isak   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction: the Importance of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) in and for the European Integration Process
    • II. The EU’s External Action under the Lisbon Treaty
    • III. The Continuing Specifi C Character of the CFSP in the Unitary Union
    • IV. Conclusions
  • 49. Naiades and beyond: Stand Und Perspektiven Der Geplanten „Modernisierung Der Organisationsstruktur“ Fürdie Binnenschifffahrt in Europa (1027-1044) by Richard Regner   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Gemeinsame Binnenschiffsverkehrspolitik, NAIADES Und Die Geplante „Modernisierung Der Organisationsstruktur“ Für Die Binnenschifffahrt in Europa
    • II. Derzeitige „Organisationsstruktur“ Für Die Binnenschifffahrt in Europa
    • III. Problematik Der Derzeitigen „Organisationsstruktur“
    • IV. Optionen Für Eine „Modernisierung Der Organisationsstruktur“
    • V. Stand Und Bewertung Der Geplanten „Modernisierung Der Organisationsstruktur“
  • 50. Struggle for Exclusiveness: the ECJ and Competing International Tribunals (1045-1068) by Kirsten Schmalenbach   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Introduction
    • II. The ECJ and the EEA Dispute Settlement Mechanism
    • III. The ECJ and Arbitral Tribunals Invoked by Member States
    • IV. The ECJ and WTO Panels
    • V. The ECJ and the European Court of Human Rights
    • VI. Conclusion
  • 51. Quelle Est L’identité De l’Europe ? (1069-1076) by Wolfgang Graf Vitzthum   (6M)
    • Jump to section:
    • I. Le Caractère Excentrique De La Culture Européenne
    • II. Qu’est-ce Que L’identité De l’Europe ?
    • III. L’identité Europénne – Dirigée Contre Qui?
    • IV. L’Europe Universelle, Bidimensionnelle, Pluraliste Et Démocratique
    • V. L’obligation D’une Politique Identitaire Des Etats Membres Dans Un Contexte De Mondialisation
  • List of Contributors (1077-1086)   (6M)